Understanding Expert Systems: Bridging Human Knowledge and Technology

Understanding Expert Systems: Bridging Human Knowledge and Technology

An expert system represents a collection of software designed to tackle problems within a specific domain that typically necessitates human expertise. It harnesses encoded knowledge to facilitate solutions, leveraging information derived from expert sources and translating it into a format conducive to the system's inference and reasoning processes. This knowledge is sourced from specialists or authoritative references like texts, journals, and databases. Frequently, this category of knowledge requires thorough education and practical immersion in particular disciplines such as medicine, geology, system configuration, or engineering design. Once a substantial repository of expert knowledge is amassed, it undergoes encoding, insertion into a knowledge base, and continuous testing and refinement throughout the system's lifecycle.

Expert systems possess distinctive characteristics that set them apart from conventional computer systems in significant ways.

1. Expert systems prioritize knowledge over data to drive the solution process, echoing the sentiment that knowledge is paramount. This underscores the significance of insightful information in guiding decisions and actions. Much of the knowledge employed tends to be heuristic, emphasizing practical insights and rules of thumb rather than rigid algorithms. 

2. The knowledge within an expert system is encoded and managed independently from the control program. This means that it is not integrated into the control program during compilation. Consequently, updates and refinements to the knowledge base can be made incrementally without requiring the recompilation of the control programs. Additionally, in certain instances, it is feasible to employ different knowledge bases with the same control programs, thereby generating various types of expert systems. These systems are often called expert system shells, as they can accommodate different knowledge bases.

3. Expert systems can explain the rationale behind specific conclusions and the necessity for requested information during consultations. This functionality holds significance as it enables users to evaluate and comprehend the system's reasoning process, thereby enhancing the user's trust in the system's capabilities.

4. Expert systems utilize symbolic representations such as rules, networks, or frames to embody knowledge, and they execute their inference processes through symbolic computations that closely mimic the manipulation of natural language. (One notable exception to this pattern is expert systems founded on neural network architectures.)

5. Expert systems frequently engage in reasoning with metaknowledge, which involves the utilization of knowledge about themselves, including their own limitations and capabilities.

Applications

1. Medical Diagnoses (Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases, Infections Blood Diseases)

2. Diagnosis of complex electronic and electromechanical systems.

3. Planning experiments in biology, chemistry and molecular genetics forecasting crop damage

4. Location of faults in computer and communications systems.

5. Analysis of structural systems for design or as a result of earthquake damage.

6. Estate planning for minimal taxation and other specified goals.

7. Stock and bond portfolio selection and management

8. The design of very large-scale integration (VLSI) systems.

9. Numerous military applications ranging from battlefield assessment to ocean surveillance.

10. Planning curricula for students.

Author:

Prof. Mohini Dhummerkar

Assistant Professor

Department of AIML, NIIST

An Introduction of civil engineering and civil engineering scope:-

 Civil Engineering -

1.  An area of study that involves the investigation, design, construction, and maintenance of buildings and infrastructural systems— is a branch that encompasses a myriad of projects including but not limited to buildings, bridges, roads, dams, airports, tunnels and water supply systems.

2.  The engineers involved apply physical laws such as the principles of mechanics and scientific information from geologists on earth materials or climatologists on weather patterns in order to create these structures which will ensure safety first while also taking into account social needs (sustainability), cost-effectiveness (assurance) among others.

3.     Most times civil engineers work closely with architects who bring aesthetic appeal into consideration through designs that would complement surrounding landscapes aesthetically appealing; urban planners are concerned about how these works fit within an overall urban environment plus any transportation needs it might generate or environmental engineers interested in minimizing negative impacts upon local ecosystems.

The scope of civil engineering is vast and it incorporates various subjects. There are a few key areas in civil engineering that one must be aware of:

 

1.      Planning construction organization, managing construction projects and making sure they comply with safety standards as well as being completed within time limits while meeting budget requirements.

2.      Coastal Engineering: Coastal engineers are concerned with the design and management of coastal structures and systems to protect the coast from erosion, mitigate the effects of storms and tsunamis, and support activities such as port development and beach nourishment.

3.      Geo-technical Engineering: Those in the geo-technical sector undertake a study on the behavior of soil and rock materials so as to be able to design proper foundations for buildings, effective slopes for roads and embankments, and structurally sound retaining walls and dams.

4.      Environmental engineering is another branch of civil engineering that looks at issues of water and wastewater treatment, solid waste management, pollution control activities and environmental remediation approaches in order to preserve or improve the quality of the environment.

 

Author

Prof. Akshay Jain

HOD, Civil Engineering

NIIST, Bhopal (M.P)

Enhancing Intrusion Detection Performance through Deep Learning Method

Enhancing Intrusion Detection Performance through Deep Learning Method

In the realm of cyber and data security, the field of intrusion detection systems (IDS) stands out as an area of active research. Traditional methods, such as data mining, statistical evaluation, and artificial neural networks, face significant challenges in achieving accurate intrusion detection. However, the emergence of machine learning algorithms offers promising solutions to this challenge. This paper presents a novel approach to intrusion detection, focusing on leveraging deep learning methodologies. Deep learning, as an extension of machine learning, holds the potential to enhance the accuracy of IDS. The proposed method employs a cascaded three-level convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture. Efficiency and scalability in intrusion detection hinge upon effective feature reduction. By streamlining features, the capacity for intrusion classification and attack detection is significantly enhanced. Notably, when applied to datasets like KDDCUP99 with diverse attributes, the proposed algorithm achieves a detection ratio nearing 100%, albeit with a slightly lower classification ratio due to attribute diversity. Comparative analysis demonstrates the superiority of the cascaded CNN algorithm over traditional CNN methods in both feature reduction and classification tasks. Particularly, the proposed algorithm showcases remarkable efficiency in handling dynamic attributes, thereby improving classification accuracy. the proposed approach utilizing cascaded CNN architecture presents a substantial advancement in intrusion detection and classification compared to conventional methods. Through the integration of deep learning techniques, this methodology offers a robust solution to the challenges encountered in traditional intrusion detection systems.

The global expansion of digitalization has interconnected the world into a single platform known as the cyber world. This encompassing digital realm includes all tools and platforms utilized for data sharing and transmission over the internet. However, the exchange of data within this vast information highway necessitates robust security systems to ensure the integrity and authentication of data. In response to these challenges, Anderson developed an intrusion detection system (IDS) in 1980, marking a significant milestone in cybersecurity research. Today, IDS remains one of the most widely employed methods for detecting various forms of malicious attacks within network environments. Deep learning techniques, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness across diverse domains, including natural language processing, computer vision, and speech recognition. Our study introduces a unified model called Multiscale Convolutional Neural Network with Long Short-Term Memory (MSCNN-LSTM), which integrates spatial-temporal information for intrusion detection purposes. CNN and LSTM, being prominent deep learning algorithms, excel in extracting spatial and temporal properties from datasets, respectively. While CNN primarily focuses on spatial feature extraction and has shown significant advancements in computer vision tasks, LSTM incorporates self-connected memory units to capture temporal dependencies within sequences. The synergy between these techniques enables the MSCNN-LSTM model to effectively handle intrusion detection challenges by leveraging both spatial and temporal characteristics of intrusion data. The complexity of intrusion data poses challenges for detection performance, emphasizing the need for feature reduction techniques. In this dissertation, we explore the utilization of CNN algorithms for feature reduction in intrusion detection systems. By prioritizing essential features and eliminating redundant ones, we aim to enhance the efficiency of IDS without compromising detection accuracy. this paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the application of deep learning techniques, particularly CNN and LSTM, for intrusion detection. The proposed MSCNN-LSTM model demonstrates promising capabilities in extracting spatial-temporal features crucial for effective intrusion detection. Additionally, our exploration of CNN-based feature reduction techniques offers insights into optimizing IDS performance. The subsequent sections of the paper delve into related work, proposed methodology, and experimental analysis, and conclude with future research directions.

The subsequent discussion delves into the methodology of machine learning, examining the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches concerning intrusion detection capability and model complexity. Recent research indicates a prevalent use of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) methodologies to bolster the performance and efficacy of Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) in terms of detection accuracy and reducing False Alarm Rates (FAR). Notably, CNN techniques feature prominently in approximately 80% of proposed solutions, with a decision tree (dt) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) emerging as the most favored algorithms. Furthermore, analysis reveals that about 70% of the recommended approaches were evaluated using the KDD Cup'99 and NSL-KDD datasets due to the wealth of data available in these repositories. Nevertheless, as these datasets fail to adequately represent recent network threats, the applicability of proposed solutions in real-time scenarios is somewhat limited. To address these limitations and enhance intrusion detection accuracy, this study underscores the importance of bridging research gaps. Specifically, there's a need for improving model performance in detecting low-frequency attacks in real-world environments. Additionally, the exploration of cost-effective strategies to streamline complexity in proposed models is deemed essential for achieving optimal performance in intrusion detection applications.

Author 

Dr.P.K.Sharma

Principal, NIRT

Why BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration) after 12th is a smart Choice?

Why BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration) after 12th is a smart Choice?

Picking the right graduation course is critical. Therefore, you need to understand what you need in your professional career. If you have any desire to be a manager in a big organization or want to start your own business sometime in the future, the BBA degree is all that you are looking for. This degree has a lot of significant worth, and there are many reasons for opting for this course over other courses.

A BBA degree: What Is It?

An undergraduate student who earns a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) degree is equipped with fundamental knowledge and skills related to the management and administration of business. BBA course typically is a 3-year undergraduate program that aims to give students a broad understanding with a wide comprehension of core business functions like finance, marketing, human resources, business law, operations and communication. Students will learn to apply business theories and principles to actual organizational settings.

The BBA Curriculum/program focuses on developing technical and specialized business skills and general professional abilities. Students will learn about business concepts and principles, leadership, economic and financial environment. They gain experience analyzing budget summaries, developing business plans, formulating business strategies, and using data analytics and business technology. Soft skills like cooperation, teamwork, critical thinking, presentation and communication are also the key learnings of this course. Upon finishing, BBA graduates are ready for entry-level management roles or can seek further business-related schooling. The degree opens up career opportunities in different enterprises and business capabilities.

 

Why consider BBA as a Career, as a Profession?

Many individuals consider a BBA to be simply just another bachelor’s degree variant of an MBA, however, this is untrue. A BBA degree has a ton of standing and value on the lookout and will put you on your way towards a cheerful and successful career.

Here are the few reasons and benefits of pursuing a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) as your undergraduate degree:

1.      Versatile Degree

A BBA degree is something beyond getting a college education for your ideal work. There’s something entirely different to it. While most degrees, particularly at the bachelor’s level, are more about theory, BBA combines both theory as well as practical application of knowledge and personality development. You likewise master numerous abilities to make you a wholesome professional expert and put you in a good position.

 

2.      Multi-Disciplinary

In a BBA degree, a few subjects are taught to make you a learned proficient so you have numerous options for seeking this degree. The various disciplines shrouded in a BBA degree are Marketing, Financial Accounting, Human Resources, strategic management, organizational behavior and Management Information systems.

3.      Professional Certification

BBA is a totally professional degree that interests understudies significantly about getting into professions in business and management. Students can get placed in good organizations just in the wake of getting their BBA degrees. Master’s degrees can be reconsidered since the abilities they confer frequently adjust intimately with what you realize through on-the-job experience without the weighty price tag. BBA holders have the most noteworthy employment rate compared to other bachelor’s degrees.

4.      Stepping Stone for Masters of Business Administration (MBA)

Graduates from any stream can join the MBA course, however, a BBA graduate will be far superior to other people. BBA is an excellent groundwork for an MBA. You are taught exactly the same things however dig a lot further into the subject in an MBA. In this way, you know the fundamentals as well as are more ready for the business world.

5.      Significant Pay and Benefits

A high salary, combined with incredible benefits, is one of the main objectives of most professionals. A BBA degree makes it conceivable. This degree opens ways to the best administrative and managerial professions where the compensation and benefits are the best. Moreover, you get promotions and advancement much quicker and when you switch organizations, you can get a significant boost in pay if you negotiate well.

6.      Job fulfillment

At the point when you apply for a BBA degree, you must have a clear vision of what direction you want to take your career in. You have decided to get into business and management all along. Consequently, you are in the field of your decision, and this will give you full satisfaction in your work. Most of the people spend their lives taking care of responsibilities they disdain.

7.      Self- awareness

As referenced before, a BBA degree isn’t just about education; you likewise find out about your personality and strive towards its development. The degree helps you to be a strong, confident and capable person equipped for taking care of teams and running an organization. Here you are learning to be a great team leader and to be a good team player. During your BBA Course, you will likewise need to give a lot of presentations, which will help you to be a confident presenter and you will figure out how to be an extraordinary public speaker. Towards the completion of your BBA degree, you will be a more evolved and wholesome individual.

8.      Trending course

Updated knowledge is one of the most indulging benefits of a degree. The BBA course is all-around planned and means to teach the students as much as could reasonably be expected in the business world. The course is likewise updated by the most recent patterns and trends in the business, giving students an additional benefit. From the best industry practices to the utilization of innovation and the latest technology, BBA students are better outfitted with knowledge and information.

 

A BBA degree will open a universe of chances for you regarding education and professions. In this way, if you are still vacillating about the degree, take the plunge! It will be the best choice you have made.

 

 

 

Author: 

Prof. Sajitha V. Nair

Assistant Professor

Department of Management

NRI Group of Institutions, Bhopal (M.P)